To later generations, the basic skill of craftsmen is to draw side samples.
Traditional carpenters in contemporary Fujian have drawn profile drawings before construction ⑥.
Overall design the overall design pays attention to the composition, scale, component correlation and other overall issues of the building framework.
The specific differences between the two are shown in many aspects such as the design subject, purpose, basis, content and the expression form of design results (Table 1).
Only after the dimension relationship and position of components and sockets are determined can the construction be followed..
The “map” entry in Yuanye Liejia: “every craftsman works, there are only a few of them who can stop the type of house map, and the type of map ④”.
(today, it is commonly known as the fixed side sample, also known as the dotted straw rack) corresponding to this paragraph, Volume 30 of French style is attached with the pattern of “raising and folding house fractions” (Figure 1) for further illustration.
Building design refers to the planning and design of the form of building structures and components, as well as their structure, materials and assembly methods.
Naturally, these works are further deepened and implemented according to the previously determined architectural design results, focusing on the realization of technology.
If you want to build several rooms, use a few columns to land, and then use the form, and list the drawings like a house.
2.
There is a clear statement about the specific method of determining the side sample, that is, first, determine the “lift” and “fold” of the roof truss according to a certain method, mainly the epithelial position of the purlin, “and then you can see the height of the beam frame in the house and the distance of the sockets”.
The quotation above shows that the side sample map is more popular than the site map in the construction.
In “Yuanye”, architectural design and architectural design are separated.
“House map” refers to the side sample map.
Most of the design results are conceptual and formalized color illustrations or models with text instructions.
There is a clear difference between “architectural design” and “architectural design” in the architectural production of the Song Dynasty, which is the inevitable requirement of the development of architectural production for the division of labor, and also the reflection of the higher level of architectural construction in the Song Dynasty, which is mainly reflected in the production of large wooden frames.
Figure 1.
As a building tradition, it was applied in the Tang Dynasty or even before.
The beam frame is a general term for the main load-bearing members, and the mortise is the connection point between the members.
In this regard, the article “lifting and folding” of the “big woodwork system” in the “building method” says: first, take the ruler as the foot, take the inch as the ruler, divide it into inches, divide it into centimeters, and take the milli as the centimeter.
Therefore, the designer is assumed by the technical director of architectural production, and the design results are mostly drawings with technical contents such as beam frames in proportion or structural logic, and most of them occur at the construction site to guide the construction or for the communication between craftsmen.
Generally speaking, the construction and design of architectural wood frame follows the logical thinking mode and working procedure from whole to part, and has the following two work contents: first, the “overall design”, such as the design of site and side sample; The second is “piece design”, such as the design of the size and form of beams and columns.
“Yuanye” focuses on architectural design, and the article “map” in the book reproduces the situation of Architectural Design: “if you want to build a house foundation, you should first use the map type.
The article “lifting and folding” obviously goes beyond the content of roof truss lifting and folding, and reveals the methods and key skills of architectural construction and design in the Song Dynasty.
The house built by the side painting is on the flat wall, and determine its lifting speed, folding and harmony.
If you want to create cleverness, first use the method, so as to do ①”.
For the wood frame, nothing is more important than the two.
Therefore, the designers include not only professionals, but also ritual officials, managers and even the Emperor himself.
Here, “high and low” and “far and near” are actually intertextual, which means that the positional relationship between the beam frame and the mortise in the vertical and horizontal directions can be determined at this time.
In fact, architecture is viewed here as an integral part of the national ritual system, social symbols and economic behavior.
The main method and expression of the overall design is the “side sample” illustrated in the “lift and fold” of French style.
In the official construction of Song Dynasty, the specific method is to determine the lifting and folding of roof truss, the elevation of beam frame and the position of mortise and tenon through scale drawing.
Obviously, the overall design is the premise of the piece design.
At that time, the construction may not draw the site map (it should be expressed in words or other forms), which is about the practice of folk craftsmen in Jiangnan area in the late Ming Dynasty.
The distinction between architectural design and architectural design architectural design and architectural design is very clear in the official projects of the Song Dynasty, especially in the construction of large buildings.
On the whole, architectural design reflects the social attributes of architecture more, and is related to a considerable number of social systems, significance and other aspects; The construction design reflects the technical attributes of the building, closely combines with the construction activities, and contains a large number of professional and technical content.
Among them, architectural design refers to the demonstration, planning and design of the nature, significance, shape, scale and even labor and materials of buildings.
The practice of the master craftsman in the biography of Zi people in the Tang Dynasty, which “painted the palace on the block, filled the ruler and bent the system to the best, planned the building by the slightest inch, and there was no advance or retreat ③”, is exactly the same as the record in the French style.
However, for architectural design, it shows the disdain of scholars: “if the craftsman only carves skillfully, the bent is fine, and one beam and one column must not be moved, it is commonly called” unconscious person “, which is very true ②”.
Among them, the connection and transformation between the two is an important issue of construction design, which is particularly noteworthy.
For the construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, before prefabrication of large wooden components, real samples need to be drawn on the platform foundation of Pingguang, and then they can be fabricated and processed ⑤.
Table 1 Comparison of architectural design and architectural design the difference between architectural design and architectural design is very clear in Yuanye at the end of Ming Dynasty.
Then we can see the height of the beam frame in the house, and the distance of the eyes.
Accurate interpretation of the above pictures and texts and further understanding of the nature, function and specific practices of the “fixed side sample” will help us deepen our understanding of the overall design of the wood frame.
